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Paper 1 · Lesson 7 — Leases and Tenancies

Waste

The doctrine of waste (voluntary / permissive / ameliorating) and the tenant's liability.

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Question 1

A landlord inspecting a flat at the end of a tenancy finds the master-bedroom bed frame broken. It gave way through ordinary heavy use over the years, not through any deliberate act or misuse. He wants to charge the tenant for it as damage the tenant caused to the property.

Which statement is correct?

  1. A. The break is fair wear and tear, not waste, and the landlord must bear the cost of replacement.
  2. B. It is voluntary waste, the tenant being answerable for any item that breaks during his tenancy.
  3. C. It is equitable waste, the breakage amounting to destructive conduct by the tenant.
  4. D. It is permissive waste, the tenant having failed to keep the bed frame in good repair.
Show the answer and full explanation

Answer: A

The rule. Fair wear and tear is not waste. An item that gives way through ordinary use over time, without any deliberate act or misuse, is the landlord's to replace, not a breach by the tenant.

Why A is correct. The bed frame broke through ordinary heavy use, not misuse. That is fair wear and tear, not waste, and the landlord bears the replacement.

The other options.

  • B calls it voluntary waste. There was no deliberate structural act; it simply wore out.
  • C calls it equitable waste. There was no destructive intent.
  • D calls it permissive waste. Wear and tear is not a failure to repair by the tenant.

Exam note. Ordinary use that wears something out is wear and tear, not waste. The line is destructive intent or neglect versus normal use.

Fair wear and tear is not waste →

Practise it under exam conditions

Single questions test whether you know a rule. The paper tests whether you can find it in a scenario, at speed, with three plausible alternatives in the way. Start with the free 20-question half-paper.

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